Ukubuyiselwa Kwezinsika kanyeGob Aizwe PukuzungezaEzimayini
I. Ukubaluleka Kokubuyiselwa Kwezinsika kanyeGob Aizwe Pukuzungeza
Ezimayini ezingaphansi komhlaba, ukubuyiswa kwezinsika kanye nokucutshungulwa kwendawo kuyizinqubo ezibucayi nezixhumene eduze ezishiya umthelela omkhulu ekuthuthukisweni okusimeme kwezimayini. Izinsika ziyizici ezibalulekile zesakhiwo ukusekela izindawo zokucabanga. Ukutholwa okuphumelelayo kwalezi zinsika kunomthelela ngokuqondile izinga lokubuyiselwa kwemithombo engaphansi komhlaba futhi kunquma izinzuzo zezomnotho zemayini. Ingxenye enkulu yensimbi izosala uma kwenzeka ingatholakalanga ngesikhathi esifanele, okuholela ekumoshweni okukhulu kanye nokulahlekelwa okukhulu kuyo yonke inzuzo ezimayini.
Ngesikhathi esifanayo, ukucubungula indawo ye-gob engafanele kungaholela ochungechungeni lwezinkinga zokuphepha. Ingcindezi yaphansi iqoqana ngokwanda kwezindawo ze-gob, okwandisa izingozi zokuwohloka kwezinsika kanye nokwehluleka ngaphansi kwengcindezi enkulu. Lokhu kungase kubangele ukubhidlika kophahla olukhulu, ukunyakaza kwamadwala, ukushona phansi komhlaba, ukuqhekeka, nokubhidlika, kubangele imithelela eyinhlekelele kubasebenzi abangaphansi komhlaba kanye nemishini.
Ukungatholakali kahle kwezinsika nokucutshungulwa kwendawo kungase kuholele ezinkingeni zemvelo ezifana namazinga okuphazamiseka kwamanzi angaphansi komhlaba, uhlaza olulimele olungaphezulu, kanye nokungalingani kwe-ecosystem yendawo. Ngakho-ke, ukuvuselelwa kwensika yesayensi nokusebenza kahle kanye nokucutshungulwa kwendawo kubalulekile ekukhiqizeni okuphephile, ukusetshenziswa kwezinsiza ngendlela efanele, nokuvikelwa kwemvelo. Lezi zinqubo zidinga ukucatshangelwa okuphelele kobudlelwane bazo obuhlangene ezinhlelweni zezimayini.
II. Ukubuyiselwa Kwezinsika
(1) Izindlela Ezivamile
Izindlela zokuthola izinsika zifaka phakathi ukuma okuvulekile, ukugcwalisa emuva, kanye nokugoqa, ngayinye ifanele izimo ezithile ezihambisanayo.
I-Open Stoping iyindlela ekahle yama-orebodies anedwala elizinzile nezindawo zokuchayeka ezibalulekile. Ihlanganisa izinqubo ezilula zokumba kanye nezindleko eziphansi kodwa ishiya izinsika eziningi ezisele. Ukwelulama okubambezelekile noma okungenangqondo kungaholela ekucindezelekeni okugxilile, kubangele izingozi ezingase zibe khona ekuhloleni okwengeziwe.
I-backfill ifanele i-ores yenani eliphezulu noma izimayini ezinezidingo eziqinile zokuncishiswa kwendawo. Kubandakanya ukusebenzisa izinto zokugcwalisa ukuze kuzinziswe idwala elizungezile, ukuthuthukisa amazinga okubuyisela insimbi, nokunciphisa ukuwohloka kwendawo. Izinsimbi ezithuthukile, njengeinthanethi slurry ukuminyana amamitha, isiza amandla wokuqapha wezinto zokugcwalisa ngokusebenzisa isilinganiso sesikhathi sangempela sokuminyana.I-Lonnmeterinikeza amathuluzi ahlakaniphile ezixazululo zezimayini ezizenzakalelayo.Xhumana nathiukuze uthole okwengeziwe ngamamitha we-slurry density ku-inthanethi. Kodwa-ke, ukugcwaliswa kwe-backfill kufaka izindleko eziphezulu kanye nobunzima.
I-Caving isetshenziswa ezindaweni lapho imigede ezungezile yamadwala ngokwemvelo noma izinkinga zendawo zingasingathwa ngokugejwa ngempoqo. Ivimbela ukugxilwa kwengcindezi kodwa ingase ikhulise ukuchithwa kwe-ore futhi ithinte imigudu eseduze.
(2) Indaba eyisibonelo
Thatha indlela yegumbi-nensika isebenza njengesibonelo ukuze ubonise inqubo yokutakula ngokuningiliziwe. Imayini isebenzise ukubhoboza okuma mpo, okumise okwefeni ezingxenyeni eziphakathi kwezinsika, ukubhola okuvundlile kwezinsika zophahla, kanye nokubhola izinsika zaphansi nokujula. Ukulandelana kokuqhuma kwakuhlelwe ngokucophelela ukuze kulawule indlela yokuwa kwe-ore kanye nobubanzi. Amasistimu okungenisa umoya aqinisekisa ukuthi umoya ohlanzekile ungena emizileni ye-scraper ngokusebenzisa imizila engezansi; umoya ongcolile ukhishwa ngomthombo wokungenisa umoya ongenhla ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinga lomoya. Khona-ke ama-ore asemigedeni akhishwa ngokuvundlile futhi adonswe imoto yemayini ephansi ngendlela efanele.
(3) Amaphuzu Abalulekile Ekubuyiseleni
Kubalulekile ukukhetha izindlela zokubuyisela ngokusekelwe ezicini ezithile zezinsika eziguquguqukayo ngesikhathi sokuvuselela izinsika. Ukuqinisekisa ukuthi indlela ekhethiwe inika amandla kokubili ukutholwa okuphumelelayo kwensimbi kanye nokuxhashazwa kokuphepha ngemva kokukalwa okuphelele kuzo zonke izici ezifana nosayizi, umumo, ukuzinza kwetshe le-ore, kanye nokusatshalaliswa kwendawo kwama-orebodies azungezile, njll. Ukucindezelwa nokuguqulwa kwezinsika kufanele kuqashelwe ngesikhathi sangempela ngokwesaba noma yikuphi ukungavamile.
Ukuvikela ukuzinza kwezinsika kubalulekile phakathi nenqubo yokubuyisela. Phakathi nesigaba sokubuyisela isitophu, imingcele yezimayini kufanele ilawulwe ngokuqinile ukuze kuvinjwe umonakalo omkhulu ezinsikeni. Ngesikhathi sokusebenza kokululama, ukucindezeleka kwezinsika kanye nezimo zokuguqulwa kufanele ziqashwe ngesikhathi sangempela. Uma kutholwa noma yikuphi ukungahambi kahle, isu lokutakula kufanele lilungiswe ngokushesha. Lokhu kungafezwa ngokufaka izinto zokusebenza njengezinzwa zokucindezeleka kanye neziqaphi zokufuduka ukuze kuqinisekiswe ukulawulwa okunembile kwezimo zezinsika.
Idizayini yokuqala yezimayini iyisisekelo sokubuyiselwa ngempumelelo kwezinsika. Ukuhleleka okunengqondo emgwaqeni nasegunjini, kanye nezinhlelo ezibalulekile zokungena komoya, ezokuthutha kanye nokukhipha amanzi konke kunikeza izinzuzo emisebenzini elandelayo yokumba, ukuqhuma, kanye nokukhipha insimbi. Isibonelo, idizayini enembayo ye-gradient kanye nobude bokukhukhuleka kwe-mucking kuqinisekisa ukuthuthwa okubushelelezi kwensimbi.
Imisebenzi yokuqhumisa nokukhipha insimbi kufanele ihlelwe ngendlela efanele. Imingcele yokuqhuma kufanele inqunywe ngokwesayensi ngokusekelwe esakhiweni sezinsika kanye nezakhiwo ze-ore ukuvimbela ukuqhunyiswa kungabangela umthelela omkhulu ezinsikeni namatshe azungezile. Inqubo yokukhipha insimbi kufanele ihlelwe ngendlela ehlelekile ukuze kugwenywe ukunqwabelana kwensimbi, okungase kuthikameze ukusebenza okulandelayo futhi kunciphise ukusebenza kahle kokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, ukwenza ngokugcwele izikhala zezimbobo eziqhumayo kanye nenani lezindleko zokuqhuma ngokusekelwe kugqinsi nobulukhuni bezinsika ezihlukene kungathola ukuhlukaniswa kwensimbi okuphumelelayo nokululama okuphephile.
III.GobAizwe Pukuzungeza
(1) Injongo
Umgomo oyinhloko wokucutshungulwa kwendawo ye-gob ukusabalalisa kabusha ingcindezi egxilile, ukuzuza ukulingana okusha ekucindezelweni kwamadwala ukuze kwenziwe imisebenzi yezimayini ephephile futhi ezinzile. Uma kuyekwa kunganakiwe, ukugxiliswa kwengcindezi ezindaweni ze-gob kungaholela ekubhidlikeni kophahla, ukususwa kwamadwala nezinye izingozi.
(2) Izindlela Ezivamile
I-Rock Caving: Iziqhumane zigoqa amadwala azungezile ukuze zigcwalise izindawo, zehlise ingcindezi futhi zenze isendlalelo se-buffer. Ukujula kwempahla eboshiwe kufanele kudlule amamitha ayi-15-20 ukuqinisekisa ukuphepha. Amasu okuqhumisa athuthukile, njengokuqhumisa imbobo ejulile, akhulisa ukusebenza kahle.
Ukugcwalisa emuva: Ifanele izimayini zensimbi yezinga eliphezulu nezindawo ezinezidingo eziqinile zokuzinza kwendawo. Izinto ezisetshenziswayo zihlanganisa i-waste rock, isihlabathi, ama-tailings, nokhonkolo. Ukulawula ngokuqinile ukuminyana kokugcwalisa nokusabalalisa kukhulisa amandla okusekela.
Ukuvala: Ukwakha izindonga eziwugqinsi zokuzihlukanisa emhubheni wokufinyelela ukuze amunce imithelela yokuqhuma. Lena indlela yesibili, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni ezincane ze-gob.
IV. Ukuhlobana Phakathi Kokubuyiselwa Kwezinsika Nokucutshungulwa Kwendawo Ye-Gob
Izinqubo zincike kwelinye. Ukubuyiselwa kwezinsika kuthinta ukuzinza kwendawo ye-gob, njengoba ukususa izinsika kusabalalisa kabusha ingcindezi, okungase kuholele ekuweni kophahla nezinye izingozi. Ngokuphambene, ukucutshungulwa kwendawo ye-gob kunomthelela ekuphepheni nokuba nokwenzeka kokutholakala kwensika. Izindawo eziphethwe kahle ze-gob zinciphisa ukucindezeleka ezinsikeni ezisele, zenze imisebenzi ephephile.
Umyalelo wokusebenzisa uncike ezintweni ezifana nomsebenzi wengcindezi, izimo ze-orebody, nezinhlelo zokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, ukucindezelwa okunamandla kudinga ukucutshungulwa kwendawo ye-gob kuqala, kuyilapho idwala elibuthakathaka lingase lidinge ukutholwa kwensika kanye nokwelashwa kwendawo ye-gob.
V. Izifundo Ezifundiwe
Enza ngendlela oyifisayo amapulani asekelwe kuzimo zejoloji, usebenzisa izisetshenziswa zokuqapha ezithuthukisiwe zokucindezeleka kwesikhathi sangempela nokulandelela ukufuduka.
Qhathanisa futhi uthuthukise amasu ahlukahlukene okubuyisela kanye nokucubungula indawo ye-gob ngesofthiwe yokulingisa ukuze ubikezele imiphumela, unciphise ubungozi kanye nokwenza ngcono ukusebenza kahle.
Lokhu kuqinisekisa ukutholwa kwezinsika ezididiyelwe kanye nokucutshungulwa kwendawo ye-gob, kuthuthukisa ukuphepha kwezimayini, ukukhiqiza, nokusimama.
Isikhathi sokuthumela: Jan-22-2025
